5th Summary

Introduction to information technology
- April 11th. (Class 나)



AI (Artificial Intelligence) : The Founding document.


Who was Turing? : Founder of computer science,
artificial intelligence, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, and a gay man.


Alan Turing. (1912-1954)

1912 (23 June): Birth, Paddington, London
1926-31: Sherborne School
1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University
1932-35: Quantum mechanics, probability, logic
1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge
1936: The Turing machine, computability, universal machine
1936-38: Princeton University. Ph.D. Logic, algebra, number theory
1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher machine
1939-40: The Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption
1939-42: Breaking of U-boat Enigma, saving battle of the Atlantic
1943-45: Chief Anglo-American crypto consultant. Electronic work.
1945: National Physical Laboratory, London
1946: Computer and software design leading the world.
1947-48: Programming, neural nets, and artificial intelligence
1948: Manchester University
1949: First serious mathematical use of a computer
1950: The Turing Test for machine intelligence
1951: Elected FRS. Non-linear theory of biological growth
1952: Arrested as a homosexual, loss of security clearance
1953-54: Unfinished work in biology and physics
1954 (7 June): Death (suicide) by cyanide poisoning, Wilmslow, Cheshire.





cf 1. Turing’s “imitation game”
cf 2. Walker/Sack/Walker “online Caroline”






☻ Artificial Intelligence: a definition

“... artificial intelligence [AI] is the science of making machines do things
that would require intelligence [as] if done by [humans]” - Marvin Minsky, 1963


☻ Artificial Intelligence: research areas

Knowledge Representation
Programming Languages
Natural Language (e.g., Story) Understanding
Speech Understanding
Vision
Robotics
Machine Learning
Planning
etc.






- planning as a technical problem

We saw Tower of Hanoi.




- story generation as planning

James Meehan, "The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer", Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1976.




- problems with story generation: missing common sense

Examples of Tale-spin’s missing common sense (w/real human) (from Meehan, 1976)
Answers to questions can take more than one form.
Don’t always take answers literally.
You can notice things without being told about them.
Stories aren’t really stories if they don’t have a central problem.
Sometimes enough is enough.
Schizophrenia can be dis-functional.




- story understanding as a plan recognition problem

- story understanding as a plan recognition

demo: micro-sam
Richard Cullingford,
“Script application: computer understanding of newspaper stories,”
Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1977.



- question answering as a problem
ELIZA as a “solution”



- Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam

Huge Harry
epilogue A.I. Neo



















J My Opinion

This Week,
We talk about AI (Artificial Intelligence).


We saw Alan Turing’s Game.
I think it is very interesting and surprise game.
I want to play that game.
It is very interesting!

And Turing’s inventions are very wonderful.
I think, He may genius.
His life is “a life full of ups and downs.”





And, We talk about many thing.
But I don’t remember many thing because I’m very busy. (mid-exam… next week ㅠ_ㅠ)

I’m going to study. I’m sorry that summary is very shabby.

See you next Friday (april 18th).